Studying the Causes and Different Types of Injuries in Women’s Sport

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of a study aimed at identifying the main causes and types of injuries, both during training and during the competitive period, among female athletes of different age groups involved in a number of types of modern women’s sports. Injuries and injuries of the musculoskeletal system of athletes are considered, with the involvement of the bones, ligamentoustendon and muscular apparatus of athletes in the traumatic process, primarily the girdle of the upper and lower extremities, the chest, various parts of the spine, as well as the soft tissues of the body.

KEYWORDS

Sportswomen; Different age groups; Injuries; Fractures; Dislocations; Sprains; Bruises; Upper and Lower limb girdles

INTRODUCTION

Modern women’s sports of the highest achievements, in all its forms, requires athletes of various age groups, huge, and sometimes not always adequate for the female body, physical efforts, to achieve victory and achieve the desired result, both during training and competition. Quite often, in the process of these efforts and striving to obtain the desired result, both young, beginners, and even elite athletes, receive various types, and degrees of difficulty, injuries. A direct consequence of these injuries is the cessation of training and competitive activity, for different lengths of time and, even, to the complete cessation of sports and, unfortunately, disability [1-9].

Conducted by the author of the article, as well as by other researchers of this problem, indicate that, often, injuries received during training and competition are most often a direct result of failure to comply with basic safety requirements when performing certain techniques or figures, in each of the sports. Also, the reason for the injuries received is the insufficient “warming up” of the athletes, at the initial stage of training, the vagueness / lack of conscientiousness when fulfilling the technical requirements of a particular sports technique, as well as insufficient coaching control over the detailed, scrupulous technical performance of each of the athletes, necessary sports elements, each, in its own kind of sport. Sometimes, to our great regret, the combination of these reasons also leads to the occurrence of sports injuries in athletes, regardless of their age and the kind of sport they are engaged in [1-9].

AIM

The aim of our research is to study and analyze the prevalence of different types of sports injuries and their severity in athletes of different age groups, in a number of women’s sports.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In carrying out this research work, we used the method of in-depth literary-critical analysis of available scientific sources of information on the issue under study, using reference books, specialized periodicals, and Internet resources.

To conduct this study, we created the author’s version of an anonymous questionnaire (Bugaevsky KA 2021 ©), consisting of 23 questions related to practicing topics or another kind of sport, as well as the presence / or absence of one or another type of injury and damage, throughout the entire period of sports / or this sport, by this athlete. Also, to clarify the necessary details of the study, we used the method of survey / extended interviewing of female athletes. After the completion of the study, the processing and analysis of the results were carried out.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In total, 1643 female athletes took part in the study. Of them: those who go in for playing sports (n=245); different types of athletics (n=274); weightlifting and athletic sports (n=346); practicing gymnastics, acrobatics and dancing (n=351); different types of single combats (n=313); cycling (n=114). Among them are athletes who train in different regions of Ukraine. In terms of age indicators, the athletes belonged to the youth and the first mature (reproductive) age. The average age of female athletes in the adolescent age group was 20.13 ± 0.79 years, in the first reproductive (mature) age group - 24.33 ± 1.06 years. The terms for female athletes to practice their sports ranges from 4.5 years to 9 years for the CMS group, from 9 years or more for female athletes of the level of a master of sports. Sports qualifications of female athletes are presented as follows: I sports category-807 (49.12%); masters of sports (MS) - 347 (21.12%) female athletes; Candidates for Master of Sports (CMS)-489 (29.76%) female athletes. After carrying out the necessary research - anonymous questioning and survey / extended interviews, we received the results, which are shown in Table 1.

The analysis of the results obtained, in each of the studied groups of athletes, convincingly showed that among all types of traumatic injuries in athletes, joint dislocations, sprains of the ligamentous apparatus of the upper or lower extremities and their sections (depending on sports specialization), as well as soft bruises dominate tissues of varying intensity and localization. Most often, these are fractures of different fingers on the upper and / or lower extremities, the radius in a typical place, the outer or inner ankle of one or another of the limbs, as well as the bones of the face, in contact martial arts, as well as ribs/ribs, with unsuccessful falls or bumps. Among the sprains, dislocations and injuries of the joints, damage to the knee / knee joints, as well as to the wrist and ankle joints, small joints of the hand and / or foot is dominant.

In total, in all studied groups of athletes, sprains and dislocations were 1108 cases, or they were identified in 67.44% of female athletes. The total, total number of soft tissue injuries received both during training and during the competition period -973 cases, or 59.22% of all female athletes. The number of obtained fractures of bones of various parts of the body, primarily of the upper and lower extremities - 25 cases or 1.52% of the total number of female athletes studied. The most traumatic are such modern women’s sports as weightlifting and athletic sports, various types of gymnastics and acrobatics, athletics and various types of martial arts. Among other traumatic factors, we have identified such as - muscle pain, pain in joints and bones, as well as pain in various parts of the spine, arising both during the period of performing a particular physical activity, and manifested during the rest period - outside the period training and competition. The distribution of all these pathological groups among female athletes is presented in Table 2 in % ratio.

The analysis of the obtained results of the conducted questionnaires and extended interviewing of athletes of all studied groups convincingly showed that the overwhelming number of athletes, in all the types of modern women’s sports, actively present such pathological manifestations as muscle pain of different localization - in 1525 (94.54%) of all athletes; joint pains of different localization (mainly in the knee, elbow, shoulder and ankle joints) - in 1478 (91.63%); pain in different parts of the spine (most often in the cervical and lumbosacral) - in 1548 (95.97%) female athletes.

Additionally, in the process of studying the etiological factors of the revealed sports injuries, it was found that, according to the survey / extended interviewing, the most common causes of injuries received are such etiological factors as violation of elementary safety requirements - in 1007 (61.29%); insufficient duration and volume of the warm-up, when performing the necessary set of exercises - in 804 (48.94%) athletes; lack of proper control on the part of the coach, when performing one or another technique / exercise 619 (37.68%) cases of injuries by female athletes.

CONCLUSION

It was found that among all types of sports injuries, among athletes of the studied groups, sprains of the ligamentous apparatus and dislocations dominate - 1108 cases, in 67.44% of athletes, as well as soft tissue injuries of different parts of the body - 973 cases, or 59.22 % of all female athletes. Recorded the presence, in the anamnesis, of bone fractures of various parts of the body, primarily of the upper and lower extremities - 25 cases, or 1.52% of all studied female athletes. The greatest number of all types of injuries was recorded among young athletes with little sports experience. According to extended interviews, the most common causes of injuries are etiological factors such as violation of basic safety requirements - in 1007 (61.29%); insufficient duration and volume of the warm-up, when performing the necessary set of exercises - in 804 (48.94%) athletes; lack of proper control on the part of the coach, when performing this or that technique / exercise 619 (37.68%) cases of injury to a female athlete. Also, it was found that muscle pain of different localization was detected in 1525 (94.54%) of all athletes; joint pains of different localization (mainly in the knee, elbow, shoulder and ankle joints) - in 1478 (91.63%); pain in different parts of the spine (most often in the neck and lumbosacral) - in 1548 (95.97%) female athletes. The data obtained by the author as a result of the conducted research coincide with the opinion and materials of other researchers of this problem.

REFERENCES

1. Agranovich VO, Agranovich NV (2017) Analysis of sports injuries during physical culture and sports and the creation of conditions for its reduction. Health and education in the 21stcentury 2: 77-81.
2. Belyaev VS, Chernogorov DN, Matveev YuA, Toucher YuL (2011) Biomechanical factors in the development of injuries of the spinal motion segments in qualified weightlifters/Man, Sport, Health. V International Congress 319-320.
3. Bugaevsky KA, Semenya VP (2021) Women’s athletic sports: back pain and their localization. Actual problems of the theory and methods of arm wrestling, body building, kettlebell lifting, mas-wrestling, powerlifting and heavy athletics. Cheboksary Chuvash state ped un-t 8: 103-109.
4. Gulevich NP, Yasyukevich AS (2017,2018) Causes of Sports Injuries in Various Sports /Innovative technologies in sanatorium-resort practice: materials of the republic. scientific-practical seminar with int. participation “Kinesotherapy technologies in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and damage to the central nervous system” Zhdanovichi, Municipal Unitary Enterprise “DROTS” 42-46.
5. Ingushev ChKh, Gilyasova MKh (2016) Prevention of sports injuries in the classroom with students in weightlifting, powerlifting and kettlebell lifting. Interactive Science 2: 58-59.
6. Mazur AI (2012) Epidemiology of sports injuries in the aspect of medical rehabilitation. Medical News 11: 46-50.
7. Semyonov AI (2016) Pain in the lumbar region in athletes. Current issues of traditional and oriental martial arts: Collected Science prot X int. Internet scientific method Conf VIP 10. H National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine 521.
8. Slesarenko DYu (2019) Injuries in weightlifting. 36(274): 69-71.
9. Yasyukevich AS, Zagorodny GM, Jester NM (2018) Recommendations for determining the severity of injuries in professional athletes. Applied sports science 2(8): 95-102.